在神经网络入门回顾(感知器、多层感知器)中整理了关于感知器和多层感知器的理论,这里实现关于与门、与非门、或门、异或门的代码,以便对感知器有更好的感觉。
此外,我们使用 pytest 框架进行测试。
pip install pytest
通过一层感知器就可以实现与门、与非门、或门。
先写测试代码 test_perception.py:
from perception import and_operate, nand_operate, or_operate def test_and_operate(): """ 测试与门 :return: """ assert and_operate(1, 1) == 1 assert and_operate(1, 0) == 0 assert and_operate(0, 1) == 0 assert and_operate(0, 0) == 0 def test_nand_operate(): """ 测试与非门 :return: """ assert nand_operate(1, 1) == 0 assert nand_operate(1, 0) == 1 assert nand_operate(0, 1) == 1 assert nand_operate(0, 0) == 1 def test_or_operate(): """ 测试或门 :return: """ assert or_operate(1, 1) == 1 assert or_operate(1, 0) == 1 assert or_operate(0, 1) == 1 assert or_operate(0, 0) == 0
写完测试代码,后面直接输入命令 pytest -v 即可测试代码。
这三个门的权重和偏置是根据人的直觉或者画图得到的,并且不是唯一的。以下是简单的实现,在 perception.py 中写上:
import numpy as np def step_function(x): """ 阶跃函数 :param x: :return: """ if x <= 0: return 0 else: return 1 def and_operate(x1, x2): """ 与门 :param x1: :param x2: :return: """ x = np.array([x1, x2]) w = np.array([0.5, 0.5]) b = -0.7 return step_function(np.sum(w * x) + b) def nand_operate(x1, x2): """ 与非门 :param x1: :param x2: :return: """ x = np.array([x1, x2]) w = np.array([-0.5, -0.5]) b = 0.7 return step_function(np.sum(w * x) + b) def or_operate(x1, x2): """ 或门 :param x1: :param x2: :return: """ x = np.array([x1, x2]) w = np.array([0.5, 0.5]) b = -0.3 return step_function(np.sum(w * x) + b)
运行 pytest -v 确认测试通过。
========================================================================== test session starts =========================================================================== platform darwin -- Python 3.6.8, pytest-5.1.2, py-1.8.0, pluggy-0.12.0 -- /Users/mac/.virtualenvs/work/bin/python3 ... collected 3 items test_perception.py::test_and_operate PASSED [ 33%] test_perception.py::test_nand_operate PASSED [ 66%] test_perception.py::test_or_operate PASSED [100%] =========================================================================== 3 passed in 0.51s ============================================================================
如上图所示,由于异或门不是线性可分的,因此需要多层感知器的结构。
使用两层感知器可以实现异或门。
修改 test_perception.py 文件,加入异或门的测试代码 :
from perception import and_operate, nand_operate, or_operate, xor_operate
以及
def test_xor_operate(): """ 测试异或门 :return: """ assert xor_operate(1, 1) == 0 assert xor_operate(1, 0) == 1 assert xor_operate(0, 1) == 1 assert xor_operate(0, 0) == 0
在 perception.py 文件里加入异或门的函数:
def xor_operate(x1, x2): """ 异或门 :param x1: :param x2: :return: """ s1 = nand_operate(x1, x2) s2 = or_operate(x1, x2) return and_operate(s1, s2)
我们通过与非门和或门的线性组合实现了异或门。
运行命令 pytest -v 测试成功。
========================================================================== test session starts =========================================================================== platform darwin -- Python 3.6.8, pytest-5.1.2, py-1.8.0, pluggy-0.12.0 -- /Users/mac/.virtualenvs/work/bin/python3 ... collected 4 items test_perception.py::test_and_operate PASSED [ 25%] test_perception.py::test_nand_operate PASSED [ 50%] test_perception.py::test_or_operate PASSED [ 75%] test_perception.py::test_xor_operate PASSED [100%] =========================================================================== 4 passed in 0.60s ============================================================================
原文作者:雨先生
原文链接:https://www.cnblogs.com/noluye/p/11465389.html
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