JavaScript私有方法

要使用公共方法创建JavaScript类,我会执行以下操作:

function Restaurant() {}

Restaurant.prototype.buy_food = function(){
   // something here
}

Restaurant.prototype.use_restroom = function(){
   // something here
}

这样我班级的用户可以:

var restaurant = new Restaurant();
restaurant.buy_food();
restaurant.use_restroom();

如何创建一个可由buy_food和use_restroom方法调用的私有方法,但不能由类的用户创建外部方法？

换句话说,我希望我的方法实现能够:

Restaurant.prototype.use_restroom = function() {
   this.private_stuff();
}

但这不应该奏效:

var r = new Restaurant();
r.private_stuff();

我如何定义private_stuff为私有方法,所以这两个都适用？

我已经阅读了Doug Crockford的几次写法,但看起来似乎不能通过公共方法调用"私有"方法,并且可以在外部调用"特权"方法.

你可以做到,但缺点是它不能成为原型的一部分:

function Restaurant() {
    var myPrivateVar;

    var private_stuff = function() {  // Only visible inside Restaurant()
        myPrivateVar = "I can set this here!";
    }

    this.use_restroom = function() {  // use_restroom is visible to all
        private_stuff();
    }

    this.buy_food = function() {   // buy_food is visible to all
        private_stuff();
    }
}

你可以像这样模拟私有方法:

function Restaurant() {
}

Restaurant.prototype = (function() {
    var private_stuff = function() {
        // Private code here
    };

    return {

        constructor:Restaurant,

        use_restroom:function() {
            private_stuff();
        }

    };
})();

var r = new Restaurant();

// This will work:
r.use_restroom();

// This will cause an error:
r.private_stuff();

有关此技术的更多信息,请访问:http://webreflection.blogspot.com/2008/04/natural-javascript-private-methods.html

JavaScript使用原型,并且没有像面向对象语言那样的类(或方法).JavaScript开发人员需要在JavaScript中思考.

维基百科报价:

与许多面向对象的语言不同,函数定义和方法定义之间没有区别.相反,区别发生在函数调用期间; 当一个函数作为一个对象的方法被调用时,该函数的local this关键字被绑定到该调用的该对象.

解决方案使用自调用函数和调用函数来调用私有"方法":

var MyObject = (function () {

    // Constructor
    function MyObject (foo) {
        this._foo = foo;
    }

    function privateFun (prefix) {
        return prefix + this._foo;
    }

    MyObject.prototype.publicFun = function () {
        return privateFun.call(this, '>>');
    }

    return MyObject;
})();


var myObject = new MyObject('bar');
myObject.publicFun();      // Returns '>>bar'
myObject.privateFun('>>'); // ReferenceError: private is not defined

该呼叫功能可以让我们调用私有函数与适当的上下文(this).

如果您使用的是node.js,则不需要IIFE,因为您可以利用模块加载系统:

function MyObject (foo) {
    this._foo = foo;
}

function privateFun (prefix) {
    return prefix + this._foo;
}

MyObject.prototype.publicFun = function () {
    return privateFun.call(this, '>>');
}

exports.MyObject = MyObject;

加载文件:

var MyObject = require('./MyObject').MyObject;

var myObject = new MyObject('bar');
myObject.publicFun();      // Returns '>>bar'
myObject.privateFun('>>'); // ReferenceError: private is not defined

绑定运算符::是ECMAScript 提议,在Babel(阶段0)中实现.

export default class MyObject {
  constructor (foo) {
    this._foo = foo;
  }

  publicFun () {
    return this::privateFun('>>');
  }
}

function privateFun (prefix) {
  return prefix + this._foo;
}

加载文件:

import MyObject from './MyObject';

let myObject = new MyObject('bar');
myObject.publicFun();      // Returns '>>bar'
myObject.privateFun('>>'); // TypeError: myObject.privateFun is not a function

在这种情况下,如果你有一个公共API,并且你想要私有和公共方法/属性,我总是使用模块模式.这个模式在YUI库中很流行,详情可以在这里找到:

http://yuiblog.com/blog/2007/06/12/module-pattern/

这非常简单,其他开发人员也很容易理解.举个简单的例子:

var MYLIB = function() {  
    var aPrivateProperty = true;
    var aPrivateMethod = function() {
        // some code here...
    };
    return {
        aPublicMethod : function() {
            aPrivateMethod(); // okay
            // some code here...
        },
        aPublicProperty : true
    };  
}();

MYLIB.aPrivateMethod() // not okay
MYLIB.aPublicMethod() // okay

这是我创建的类,用于理解Douglas Crockford在其JavaScript站点中的私人成员所建议的内容

function Employee(id, name) { //Constructor
    //Public member variables
    this.id = id;
    this.name = name;
    //Private member variables
    var fName;
    var lName;
    var that = this;
    //By convention, we create a private variable 'that'. This is used to     
    //make the object available to the private methods. 

    //Private function
    function setFName(pfname) {
        fName = pfname;
        alert('setFName called');
    }
    //Privileged function
    this.setLName = function (plName, pfname) {
        lName = plName;  //Has access to private variables
        setFName(pfname); //Has access to private function
        alert('setLName called ' + this.id); //Has access to member variables
    }
    //Another privileged member has access to both member variables and private variables
    //Note access of this.dataOfBirth created by public member setDateOfBirth
    this.toString = function () {
        return 'toString called ' + this.id + ' ' + this.name + ' ' + fName + ' ' + lName + ' ' + this.dataOfBirth; 
    }
}
//Public function has access to member variable and can create on too but does not have access to private variable
Employee.prototype.setDateOfBirth = function (dob) {
    alert('setDateOfBirth called ' + this.id);
    this.dataOfBirth = dob;   //Creates new public member note this is accessed by toString
    //alert(fName); //Does not have access to private member
}
$(document).ready()
{
    var employee = new Employee(5, 'Shyam'); //Create a new object and initialize it with constructor
    employee.setLName('Bhaskar', 'Ram');  //Call privileged function
    employee.setDateOfBirth('1/1/2000');  //Call public function
    employee.id = 9;                     //Set up member value
    //employee.setFName('Ram');  //can not call Private Privileged method
    alert(employee.toString());  //See the changed object

}

var Car = function() {
}

Car.prototype = (function() {
    var hotWire = function() {
        // Private code *with* access to public properties through 'this'
        alert( this.drive() ); // Alerts 'Vroom!'
    }

    return {
        steal: function() {
            hotWire.call( this ); // Call a private method
        },
        drive: function() {
            return 'Vroom!';
        }
    };
})();

var getAwayVechile = new Car();

hotWire(); // Not allowed
getAwayVechile.hotWire(); // Not allowed
getAwayVechile.steal(); // Alerts 'Vroom!'

function () {

}

function () {
    var name,
        secretSkills = {
            pizza: function () { return new Pizza() },
            sushi: function () { return new Sushi() }
        }

    function Restaurant(_name) {
        name = _name
    }
    Restaurant.prototype.getFood = function (name) {
        return name in secretSkills ? secretSkills[name]() : null
    }
}

var Restaurant = (function () {
    // Restaurant definition
    return Restaurant
})()

var Restaurant = (function () {
    var name,
        secretSkills = {
            pizza: function () { return new Pizza() },
            sushi: function () { return new Sushi() }
        }

    function Restaurant(_name) {
        name = _name
    }
    Restaurant.prototype.getFood = function (name) {
        return name in secretSkills ? secretSkills[name]() : null
    }
    return Restaurant
})()

// Abstract class
function AbstractRestaurant(skills) {
    var name
    function Restaurant(_name) {
        name = _name
    }
    Restaurant.prototype.getFood = function (name) {
        return skills && name in skills ? skills[name]() : null
    }
    return Restaurant
}

// Concrete classes
SushiRestaurant = AbstractRestaurant({ 
    sushi: function() { return new Sushi() } 
})

PizzaRestaurant = AbstractRestaurant({ 
    pizza: function() { return new Pizza() } 
})

var r1 = new SushiRestaurant('Yo! Sushi'),
    r2 = new PizzaRestaurant('Dominos Pizza')

r1.getFood('sushi')
r2.getFood('pizza')

var myClass = (function() {
    // Private class properties go here

    var blueprint = function() {
        // Private instance properties go here
        ...
    };

    blueprint.prototype = { 
        // Public class properties go here
        ...
    };

    return  {
         // Public class properties go here
        create : function() { return new blueprint(); }
        ...
    };
})();

var Restaurant = function() {
    var totalfoodcount = 0;        // Private class property
    var totalrestroomcount  = 0;   // Private class property
    
    var Restaurant = function(name){
        var foodcount = 0;         // Private instance property
        var restroomcount  = 0;    // Private instance property
        
        this.name = name
        
        this.incrementFoodCount = function() {
            foodcount++;
            totalfoodcount++;
            this.printStatus();
        };
        this.incrementRestroomCount = function() {
            restroomcount++;
            totalrestroomcount++;
            this.printStatus();
        };
        this.getRestroomCount = function() {
            return restroomcount;
        },
        this.getFoodCount = function() {
            return foodcount;
        }
    };
   
    Restaurant.prototype = {
        name : '',
        buy_food : function(){
           this.incrementFoodCount();
        },
        use_restroom : function(){
           this.incrementRestroomCount();
        },
        getTotalRestroomCount : function() {
            return totalrestroomcount;
        },
        getTotalFoodCount : function() {
            return totalfoodcount;
        },
        printStatus : function() {
           document.body.innerHTML
               += '
Buying food at '+this.name+'
'
               + '
' 
               + '
Restroom count at ' + this.name + ' : '+ this.getRestroomCount() + '
'
               + '
Food count at ' + this.name + ' : ' + this.getFoodCount() + '
'
               + '
Total restroom count : '+ this.getTotalRestroomCount() + '
'
               + '
Total food count : '+ this.getTotalFoodCount() + '
'
               + '
';
        }
    };

    return  { // Singleton public properties
        create : function(name) {
            return new Restaurant(name);
        },
        printStatus : function() {
          document.body.innerHTML
              += '
'
              + '
Overview
'
              + '
' 
              + '
Total restroom count : '+ Restaurant.prototype.getTotalRestroomCount() + '
'
              + '
Total food count : '+ Restaurant.prototype.getTotalFoodCount() + '
'
              + '
'
              + '
';
        }
    };
}();

var Wendys = Restaurant.create("Wendy's");
var McDonalds = Restaurant.create("McDonald's");
var KFC = Restaurant.create("KFC");
var BurgerKing = Restaurant.create("Burger King");

Restaurant.printStatus();

Wendys.buy_food();
Wendys.use_restroom();
KFC.use_restroom();
KFC.use_restroom();
Wendys.use_restroom();
McDonalds.buy_food();
BurgerKing.buy_food();

Restaurant.printStatus();

BurgerKing.buy_food();
Wendys.use_restroom();
McDonalds.buy_food();
KFC.buy_food();
Wendys.buy_food();
BurgerKing.buy_food();
McDonalds.buy_food();

Restaurant.printStatus();