我刚刚开始使用OpenGL编码,并尝试运行一个显示立方体旋转的示例.我在Mac OS Pro上使用OS X 10.6上的Xcode.生成的立方体似乎"非常"快速地旋转.我看到在Windows系统上运行相同的示例,并且立方体以适当的速度旋转.为什么不同?
/* Copyright (c) Mark J. Kilgard, 1994. */ /** * (c) Copyright 1993, 1994, Silicon Graphics, Inc. * ALL RIGHTS RESERVED * Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for * any purpose and without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above * copyright notice appear in all copies and that both the copyright notice * and this permission notice appear in supporting documentation, and that * the name of Silicon Graphics, Inc. not be used in advertising * or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software without specific, * written prior permission. * * THE MATERIAL EMBODIED ON THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED TO YOU "AS-IS" * AND WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR OTHERWISE, * INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION, ANY WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. IN NO EVENT SHALL SILICON * GRAPHICS, INC. BE LIABLE TO YOU OR ANYONE ELSE FOR ANY DIRECT, * SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OF ANY * KIND, OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION, * LOSS OF PROFIT, LOSS OF USE, SAVINGS OR REVENUE, OR THE CLAIMS OF * THIRD PARTIES, WHETHER OR NOT SILICON GRAPHICS, INC. HAS BEEN * ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH LOSS, HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON * ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE * POSSESSION, USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. * * US Government Users Restricted Rights * Use, duplication, or disclosure by the Government is subject to * restrictions set forth in FAR 52.227.19(c)(2) or subparagraph * (c)(1)(ii) of the Rights in Technical Data and Computer Software * clause at DFARS 252.227-7013 and/or in similar or successor * clauses in the FAR or the DOD or NASA FAR Supplement. * Unpublished-- rights reserved under the copyright laws of the * United States. Contractor/manufacturer is Silicon Graphics, * Inc., 2011 N. Shoreline Blvd., Mountain View, CA 94039-7311. * * OpenGL(TM) is a trademark of Silicon Graphics, Inc. */ /* * 1992 David G Yu -- Silicon Graphics Computer Systems */ #include#include #include #include #include static int useRGB = 1; static int useLighting = 1; static int useFog = 0; static int useDB = 1; static int useLogo = 0; static int useQuads = 1; static int tick = -1; static int moving = 1; #define GREY 0 #define RED 1 #define GREEN 2 #define BLUE 3 #define CYAN 4 #define MAGENTA 5 #define YELLOW 6 #define BLACK 7 static float materialColor[8][4] = { {0.8, 0.8, 0.8, 1.0}, {0.8, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0}, {0.0, 0.8, 0.0, 1.0}, {0.0, 0.0, 0.8, 1.0}, {0.0, 0.8, 0.8, 1.0}, {0.8, 0.0, 0.8, 1.0}, {0.8, 0.8, 0.0, 1.0}, {0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.6}, }; static float lightPos[4] = {2.0, 4.0, 2.0, 1.0}; #if 0 static float lightDir[4] = {-2.0, -4.0, -2.0, 1.0}; #endif static float lightAmb[4] = {0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 1.0}; static float lightDiff[4] = {0.8, 0.8, 0.8, 1.0}; static float lightSpec[4] = {0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 1.0}; static float groundPlane[4] = {0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.499}; static float backPlane[4] = {0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.899}; static float fogColor[4] = {0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0}; static float fogIndex[1] = {0.0}; static unsigned char shadowPattern[128] = { 0xaa, 0xaa, 0xaa, 0xaa, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, /* 50% Grey */ 0xaa, 0xaa, 0xaa, 0xaa, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0xaa, 0xaa, 0xaa, 0xaa, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0xaa, 0xaa, 0xaa, 0xaa, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0xaa, 0xaa, 0xaa, 0xaa, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0xaa, 0xaa, 0xaa, 0xaa, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0xaa, 0xaa, 0xaa, 0xaa, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0xaa, 0xaa, 0xaa, 0xaa, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0xaa, 0xaa, 0xaa, 0xaa, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0xaa, 0xaa, 0xaa, 0xaa, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0xaa, 0xaa, 0xaa, 0xaa, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0xaa, 0xaa, 0xaa, 0xaa, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0xaa, 0xaa, 0xaa, 0xaa, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0xaa, 0xaa, 0xaa, 0xaa, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0xaa, 0xaa, 0xaa, 0xaa, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0xaa, 0xaa, 0xaa, 0xaa, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55 }; static unsigned char sgiPattern[128] = { 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, /* SGI Logo */ 0xff, 0xbd, 0xff, 0x83, 0xff, 0x5a, 0xff, 0xef, 0xfe, 0xdb, 0x7f, 0xef, 0xfd, 0xdb, 0xbf, 0xef, 0xfb, 0xdb, 0xdf, 0xef, 0xf7, 0xdb, 0xef, 0xef, 0xfb, 0xdb, 0xdf, 0xef, 0xfd, 0xdb, 0xbf, 0x83, 0xce, 0xdb, 0x73, 0xff, 0xb7, 0x5a, 0xed, 0xff, 0xbb, 0xdb, 0xdd, 0xc7, 0xbd, 0xdb, 0xbd, 0xbb, 0xbe, 0xbd, 0x7d, 0xbb, 0xbf, 0x7e, 0xfd, 0xb3, 0xbe, 0xe7, 0x7d, 0xbf, 0xbd, 0xdb, 0xbd, 0xbf, 0xbb, 0xbd, 0xdd, 0xbb, 0xb7, 0x7e, 0xed, 0xc7, 0xce, 0xdb, 0x73, 0xff, 0xfd, 0xdb, 0xbf, 0xff, 0xfb, 0xdb, 0xdf, 0x87, 0xf7, 0xdb, 0xef, 0xfb, 0xf7, 0xdb, 0xef, 0xfb, 0xfb, 0xdb, 0xdf, 0xfb, 0xfd, 0xdb, 0xbf, 0xc7, 0xfe, 0xdb, 0x7f, 0xbf, 0xff, 0x5a, 0xff, 0xbf, 0xff, 0xbd, 0xff, 0xc3, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff }; static float cube_vertexes[6][4][4] = { { {-1.0, -1.0, -1.0, 1.0}, {-1.0, -1.0, 1.0, 1.0}, {-1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0}, {-1.0, 1.0, -1.0, 1.0}}, { {1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0}, {1.0, -1.0, 1.0, 1.0}, {1.0, -1.0, -1.0, 1.0}, {1.0, 1.0, -1.0, 1.0}}, { {-1.0, -1.0, -1.0, 1.0}, {1.0, -1.0, -1.0, 1.0}, {1.0, -1.0, 1.0, 1.0}, {-1.0, -1.0, 1.0, 1.0}}, { {1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0}, {1.0, 1.0, -1.0, 1.0}, {-1.0, 1.0, -1.0, 1.0}, {-1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0}}, { {-1.0, -1.0, -1.0, 1.0}, {-1.0, 1.0, -1.0, 1.0}, {1.0, 1.0, -1.0, 1.0}, {1.0, -1.0, -1.0, 1.0}}, { {1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0}, {-1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0}, {-1.0, -1.0, 1.0, 1.0}, {1.0, -1.0, 1.0, 1.0}} }; static float cube_normals[6][4] = { {-1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0}, {1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0}, {0.0, -1.0, 0.0, 0.0}, {0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0}, {0.0, 0.0, -1.0, 0.0}, {0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0} }; static void usage(void) { printf("\n"); printf("usage: scube [options]\n"); printf("\n"); printf(" display a spinning cube and its shadow\n"); printf("\n"); printf(" Options:\n"); printf(" -geometry window size and location\n"); printf(" -c toggle color index mode\n"); printf(" -l toggle lighting\n"); printf(" -f toggle fog\n"); printf(" -db toggle double buffering\n"); printf(" -logo toggle sgi logo for the shadow pattern\n"); printf(" -quads toggle use of GL_QUADS to draw the checkerboard\n"); printf("\n"); #ifndef EXIT_FAILURE /* should be defined by ANSI C */ #define EXIT_FAILURE 1 #endif exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } void buildColormap(void) { if (useRGB) { return; } else { int mapSize = 1 << glutGet(GLUT_WINDOW_BUFFER_SIZE); int rampSize = mapSize / 8; int entry; int i; for (entry = 0; entry < mapSize; ++entry) { int hue = entry / rampSize; GLfloat val = (entry % rampSize) * (1.0 / (rampSize - 1)); GLfloat red, green, blue; red = (hue == 0 || hue == 1 || hue == 5 || hue == 6) ? val : 0; green = (hue == 0 || hue == 2 || hue == 4 || hue == 6) ? val : 0; blue = (hue == 0 || hue == 3 || hue == 4 || hue == 5) ? val : 0; glutSetColor(entry, red, green, blue); } for (i = 0; i < 8; ++i) { materialColor[i][0] = i * rampSize + 0.2 * (rampSize - 1); materialColor[i][1] = i * rampSize + 0.8 * (rampSize - 1); materialColor[i][2] = i * rampSize + 1.0 * (rampSize - 1); materialColor[i][3] = 0.0; } fogIndex[0] = -0.2 * (rampSize - 1); } } static void setColor(int c) { if (useLighting) { if (useRGB) { glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT_AND_BACK, GL_AMBIENT_AND_DIFFUSE, &materialColor[c][0]); } else { glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT_AND_BACK, GL_COLOR_INDEXES, &materialColor[c][0]); } } else { if (useRGB) { glColor4fv(&materialColor[c][0]); } else { glIndexf(materialColor[c][1]); } } } static void drawCube(int color) { int i; setColor(color); for (i = 0; i < 6; ++i) { glNormal3fv(&cube_normals[i][0]); glBegin(GL_POLYGON); glVertex4fv(&cube_vertexes[i][0][0]); glVertex4fv(&cube_vertexes[i][1][0]); glVertex4fv(&cube_vertexes[i][2][0]); glVertex4fv(&cube_vertexes[i][3][0]); glEnd(); } } static void drawCheck(int w, int h, int evenColor, int oddColor) { static int initialized = 0; static int usedLighting = 0; static GLuint checklist = 0; if (!initialized || (usedLighting != useLighting)) { static float square_normal[4] = {0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0}; static float square[4][4]; int i, j; if (!checklist) { checklist = glGenLists(1); } glNewList(checklist, GL_COMPILE_AND_EXECUTE); if (useQuads) { glNormal3fv(square_normal); glBegin(GL_QUADS); } for (j = 0; j < h; ++j) { for (i = 0; i < w; ++i) { square[0][0] = -1.0 + 2.0 / w * i; square[0][1] = -1.0 + 2.0 / h * (j + 1); square[0][2] = 0.0; square[0][3] = 1.0; square[1][0] = -1.0 + 2.0 / w * i; square[1][1] = -1.0 + 2.0 / h * j; square[1][2] = 0.0; square[1][3] = 1.0; square[2][0] = -1.0 + 2.0 / w * (i + 1); square[2][1] = -1.0 + 2.0 / h * j; square[2][2] = 0.0; square[2][3] = 1.0; square[3][0] = -1.0 + 2.0 / w * (i + 1); square[3][1] = -1.0 + 2.0 / h * (j + 1); square[3][2] = 0.0; square[3][3] = 1.0; if ((i & 1) ^ (j & 1)) { setColor(oddColor); } else { setColor(evenColor); } if (!useQuads) { glBegin(GL_POLYGON); } glVertex4fv(&square[0][0]); glVertex4fv(&square[1][0]); glVertex4fv(&square[2][0]); glVertex4fv(&square[3][0]); if (!useQuads) { glEnd(); } } } if (useQuads) { glEnd(); } glEndList(); initialized = 1; usedLighting = useLighting; } else { glCallList(checklist); } } static void myShadowMatrix(float ground[4], float light[4]) { float dot; float shadowMat[4][4]; dot = ground[0] * light[0] + ground[1] * light[1] + ground[2] * light[2] + ground[3] * light[3]; shadowMat[0][0] = dot - light[0] * ground[0]; shadowMat[1][0] = 0.0 - light[0] * ground[1]; shadowMat[2][0] = 0.0 - light[0] * ground[2]; shadowMat[3][0] = 0.0 - light[0] * ground[3]; shadowMat[0][1] = 0.0 - light[1] * ground[0]; shadowMat[1][1] = dot - light[1] * ground[1]; shadowMat[2][1] = 0.0 - light[1] * ground[2]; shadowMat[3][1] = 0.0 - light[1] * ground[3]; shadowMat[0][2] = 0.0 - light[2] * ground[0]; shadowMat[1][2] = 0.0 - light[2] * ground[1]; shadowMat[2][2] = dot - light[2] * ground[2]; shadowMat[3][2] = 0.0 - light[2] * ground[3]; shadowMat[0][3] = 0.0 - light[3] * ground[0]; shadowMat[1][3] = 0.0 - light[3] * ground[1]; shadowMat[2][3] = 0.0 - light[3] * ground[2]; shadowMat[3][3] = dot - light[3] * ground[3]; glMultMatrixf((const GLfloat *) shadowMat); } static char *windowNameRGBDB = "shadow cube (OpenGL RGB DB)"; static char *windowNameRGB = "shadow cube (OpenGL RGB)"; static char *windowNameIndexDB = "shadow cube (OpenGL Index DB)"; static char *windowNameIndex = "shadow cube (OpenGL Index)"; void idle(void) { tick++; if (tick >= 120) { tick = 0; } glutPostRedisplay(); } /* ARGSUSED1 */ void keyboard(unsigned char ch, int x, int y) { switch (ch) { case 27: /* escape */ exit(0); break; case 'L': case 'l': useLighting = !useLighting; useLighting ? glEnable(GL_LIGHTING) : glDisable(GL_LIGHTING); glutPostRedisplay(); break; case 'F': case 'f': useFog = !useFog; useFog ? glEnable(GL_FOG) : glDisable(GL_FOG); glutPostRedisplay(); break; case '1': glFogf(GL_FOG_MODE, GL_LINEAR); glutPostRedisplay(); break; case '2': glFogf(GL_FOG_MODE, GL_EXP); glutPostRedisplay(); break; case '3': glFogf(GL_FOG_MODE, GL_EXP2); glutPostRedisplay(); break; case ' ': if (!moving) { idle(); glutPostRedisplay(); } } } void display(void) { GLfloat cubeXform[4][4]; glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT); glPushMatrix(); glTranslatef(0.0, -1.5, 0.0); glRotatef(-90.0, 1, 0, 0); glScalef(2.0, 2.0, 2.0); drawCheck(6, 6, BLUE, YELLOW); /* draw ground */ glPopMatrix(); glPushMatrix(); glTranslatef(0.0, 0.0, -0.9); glScalef(2.0, 2.0, 2.0); drawCheck(6, 6, BLUE, YELLOW); /* draw back */ glPopMatrix(); glPushMatrix(); glTranslatef(0.0, 0.2, 0.0); glScalef(0.3, 0.3, 0.3); glRotatef((360.0 / (30 * 1)) * tick, 1, 0, 0); glRotatef((360.0 / (30 * 2)) * tick, 0, 1, 0); glRotatef((360.0 / (30 * 4)) * tick, 0, 0, 1); glScalef(1.0, 2.0, 1.0); glGetFloatv(GL_MODELVIEW_MATRIX, (GLfloat *) cubeXform); drawCube(RED); /* draw cube */ glPopMatrix(); glDepthMask(GL_FALSE); if (useRGB) { glEnable(GL_BLEND); } else { glEnable(GL_POLYGON_STIPPLE); } if (useFog) { glDisable(GL_FOG); } glPushMatrix(); myShadowMatrix(groundPlane, lightPos); glTranslatef(0.0, 0.0, 2.0); glMultMatrixf((const GLfloat *) cubeXform); drawCube(BLACK); /* draw ground shadow */ glPopMatrix(); glPushMatrix(); myShadowMatrix(backPlane, lightPos); glTranslatef(0.0, 0.0, 2.0); glMultMatrixf((const GLfloat *) cubeXform); drawCube(BLACK); /* draw back shadow */ glPopMatrix(); glDepthMask(GL_TRUE); if (useRGB) { glDisable(GL_BLEND); } else { glDisable(GL_POLYGON_STIPPLE); } if (useFog) { glEnable(GL_FOG); } if (useDB) { glutSwapBuffers(); } else { glFlush(); } } void fog_select(int fog) { glFogf(GL_FOG_MODE, fog); glutPostRedisplay(); } void menu_select(int mode) { switch (mode) { case 1: moving = 1; glutIdleFunc(idle); break; case 2: moving = 0; glutIdleFunc(NULL); break; case 3: useFog = !useFog; useFog ? glEnable(GL_FOG) : glDisable(GL_FOG); glutPostRedisplay(); break; case 4: useLighting = !useLighting; useLighting ? glEnable(GL_LIGHTING) : glDisable(GL_LIGHTING); glutPostRedisplay(); break; case 5: exit(0); break; } } void visible(int state) { if (state == GLUT_VISIBLE) { if (moving) glutIdleFunc(idle); } else { if (moving) glutIdleFunc(NULL); } } int main(int argc, char **argv) { int width = 350, height = 350; int i; char *name; int fog_menu; glutInitWindowSize(width, height); glutInit(&argc, argv); /* process commmand line args */ for (i = 1; i < argc; ++i) { if (!strcmp("-c", argv[i])) { useRGB = !useRGB; } else if (!strcmp("-l", argv[i])) { useLighting = !useLighting; } else if (!strcmp("-f", argv[i])) { useFog = !useFog; } else if (!strcmp("-db", argv[i])) { useDB = !useDB; } else if (!strcmp("-logo", argv[i])) { useLogo = !useLogo; } else if (!strcmp("-quads", argv[i])) { useQuads = !useQuads; } else { usage(); } } /* choose visual */ if (useRGB) { if (useDB) { glutInitDisplayMode(GLUT_DOUBLE | GLUT_RGB | GLUT_DEPTH); name = windowNameRGBDB; } else { glutInitDisplayMode(GLUT_SINGLE | GLUT_RGB | GLUT_DEPTH); name = windowNameRGB; } } else { if (useDB) { glutInitDisplayMode(GLUT_DOUBLE | GLUT_INDEX | GLUT_DEPTH); name = windowNameIndexDB; } else { glutInitDisplayMode(GLUT_SINGLE | GLUT_INDEX | GLUT_DEPTH); name = windowNameIndex; } } glutCreateWindow(name); buildColormap(); glutKeyboardFunc(keyboard); glutDisplayFunc(display); glutVisibilityFunc(visible); fog_menu = glutCreateMenu(fog_select); glutAddMenuEntry("Linear fog", GL_LINEAR); glutAddMenuEntry("Exp fog", GL_EXP); glutAddMenuEntry("Exp^2 fog", GL_EXP2); glutCreateMenu(menu_select); glutAddMenuEntry("Start motion", 1); glutAddMenuEntry("Stop motion", 2); glutAddMenuEntry("Toggle fog", 3); glutAddMenuEntry("Toggle lighting", 4); glutAddSubMenu("Fog type", fog_menu); glutAddMenuEntry("Quit", 5); glutAttachMenu(GLUT_RIGHT_BUTTON); /* setup context */ glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION); glLoadIdentity(); glFrustum(-1.0, 1.0, -1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 3.0); glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW); glLoadIdentity(); glTranslatef(0.0, 0.0, -2.0); glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST); if (useLighting) { glEnable(GL_LIGHTING); } glEnable(GL_LIGHT0); glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_POSITION, lightPos); glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_AMBIENT, lightAmb); glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_DIFFUSE, lightDiff); glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_SPECULAR, lightSpec); #if 0 glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_SPOT_DIRECTION, lightDir); glLightf(GL_LIGHT0, GL_SPOT_EXPONENT, 80); glLightf(GL_LIGHT0, GL_SPOT_CUTOFF, 25); #endif glEnable(GL_NORMALIZE); if (useFog) { glEnable(GL_FOG); } glFogfv(GL_FOG_COLOR, fogColor); glFogfv(GL_FOG_INDEX, fogIndex); glFogf(GL_FOG_MODE, GL_EXP); glFogf(GL_FOG_DENSITY, 0.5); glFogf(GL_FOG_START, 1.0); glFogf(GL_FOG_END, 3.0); glEnable(GL_CULL_FACE); glCullFace(GL_BACK); glShadeModel(GL_SMOOTH); glBlendFunc(GL_SRC_ALPHA, GL_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA); if (useLogo) { glPolygonStipple((const GLubyte *) sgiPattern); } else { glPolygonStipple((const GLubyte *) shadowPattern); } glClearColor(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1); glClearIndex(0); glClearDepth(1); glutMainLoop(); return 0; /* ANSI C requires main to return int. */ }
谢谢,
阿伦
我认为问题是代码是从1992年到1994年,它使用tick
变量而不是一些计时器:
void idle(void) { tick++; if (tick >= 120) { tick = 0; } glutPostRedisplay(); }
这意味着您的现代PC tick
将比旧机器快一百倍(甚至更多).您可能希望用类似的东西替换它
void idle(void) { tick = (myTimerThatReturnsMillisecondsSince1970() / speedScale) % 120; glutPostRedisplay(); }