我通过实现android.support.test.runner.AndroidJUnitRunner的扩展并覆盖onCreate解决了我的问题
public class MultiDexAndroidJUnitRunner extends AndroidJUnitRunner { @Override public void onCreate(Bundle arguments) { //To make it work on MultiDex environment. //https://plus.google.com/+OleksandrKucherenko/posts/i7qZdVEy3Ue MultiDex.install(getTargetContext()); super.onCreate(arguments); } }