python dict更新差异

python是否具有任何内置功能,可以通知在dict更新时更改了哪些字典元素？例如,我正在寻找这样的功能:

>>> a = {'a':'hamburger', 'b':'fries', 'c':'coke'}
>>> b = {'b':'fries', 'c':'pepsi', 'd':'ice cream'}
>>> a.diff(b)
{'c':'pepsi', 'd':'ice cream'}
>>> a.update(b)
>>> a
{'a':'hamburger', 'b':'fries', 'c':'pepsi', 'd':'ice cream'}

我希望得到一个更改值的字典,如a.diff(b)的结果所示

不,但您可以继承dict以提供有关更改的通知.

class ObservableDict( dict ):
    def __init__( self, *args, **kw ):
        self.observers= []
        super( ObservableDict, self ).__init__( *args, **kw )
    def observe( self, observer ):
        self.observers.append( observer )
    def __setitem__( self, key, value ):
        for o in self.observers:
            o.notify( self, key, self[key], value )
        super( ObservableDict, self ).__setitem__( key, value )
    def update( self, anotherDict ):
        for k in anotherDict:
            self[k]= anotherDict[k]

class Watcher( object ):
    def notify( self, observable, key, old, new ):
        print "Change to ", observable, "at", key

w= Watcher()
a= ObservableDict( {'a':'hamburger', 'b':'fries', 'c':'coke'} )
a.observe( w )
b = {'b':'fries', 'c':'pepsi'}
a.update( b )

请注意,此处定义的超类Watcher不检查是否存在"真实"更改; 它只是注意到有一个变化.

一年之后

我喜欢以下解决方案:

>>> def dictdiff(d1, d2):                                              
        return dict(set(d2.iteritems()) - set(d1.iteritems()))
... 
>>> a = {'a':'hamburger', 'b':'fries', 'c':'coke'}
>>> b = {'b':'fries', 'c':'pepsi', 'd':'ice cream'}
>>> dictdiff(a, b)
{'c': 'pepsi', 'd': 'ice cream'}